HADOOP-10755. Support negative caching of user-group mapping. Contributed by Lei Xu.

git-svn-id: https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/hadoop/common/trunk@1612408 13f79535-47bb-0310-9956-ffa450edef68

hadoop-common-project/hadoop-common/CHANGES.txt

@@ -441,6 +441,9 @@ Release 2.6.0 - UNRELEASED
     HADOOP-10817. ProxyUsers configuration should support configurable 
     prefixes. (tucu)
 
+    HADOOP-10755. Support negative caching of user-group mapping.
+    (Lei Xu via wang)
+
   OPTIMIZATIONS
 
   BUG FIXES

hadoop-common-project/hadoop-common/src/main/java/org/apache/hadoop/fs/CommonConfigurationKeysPublic.java

@@ -250,6 +250,12 @@ public class CommonConfigurationKeysPublic {
   public static final long HADOOP_SECURITY_GROUPS_CACHE_SECS_DEFAULT =
     300;
   /** See <a href="{@docRoot}/../core-default.html">core-default.xml</a> */
+  public static final String  HADOOP_SECURITY_GROUPS_NEGATIVE_CACHE_SECS =
+    "hadoop.security.groups.negative-cache.secs";
+  /** See <a href="{@docRoot}/../core-default.html">core-default.xml</a> */
+  public static final long HADOOP_SECURITY_GROUPS_NEGATIVE_CACHE_SECS_DEFAULT =
+    30;
+  /** See <a href="{@docRoot}/../core-default.html">core-default.xml</a> */
   public static final String HADOOP_SECURITY_GROUPS_CACHE_WARN_AFTER_MS =
     "hadoop.security.groups.cache.warn.after.ms";
   public static final long HADOOP_SECURITY_GROUPS_CACHE_WARN_AFTER_MS_DEFAULT =

hadoop-common-project/hadoop-common/src/main/java/org/apache/hadoop/security/Groups.java

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 import org.apache.hadoop.fs.CommonConfigurationKeys;
 import org.apache.hadoop.util.ReflectionUtils;
 import org.apache.hadoop.util.StringUtils;
-import org.apache.hadoop.util.Time;
+import org.apache.hadoop.util.Timer;
 
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
@@ -58,24 +58,35 @@ public class Groups {
   private final Map<String, List<String>> staticUserToGroupsMap = 
       new HashMap<String, List<String>>();
   private final long cacheTimeout;
+  private final long negativeCacheTimeout;
   private final long warningDeltaMs;
+  private final Timer timer;
 
   public Groups(Configuration conf) {
+    this(conf, new Timer());
+  }
+
+  public Groups(Configuration conf, Timer timer) {
     impl = 
       ReflectionUtils.newInstance(
           conf.getClass(CommonConfigurationKeys.HADOOP_SECURITY_GROUP_MAPPING, 
                         ShellBasedUnixGroupsMapping.class, 
                         GroupMappingServiceProvider.class), 
           conf);
-    
+
     cacheTimeout = 
       conf.getLong(CommonConfigurationKeys.HADOOP_SECURITY_GROUPS_CACHE_SECS, 
           CommonConfigurationKeys.HADOOP_SECURITY_GROUPS_CACHE_SECS_DEFAULT) * 1000;
+    negativeCacheTimeout =
+      conf.getLong(CommonConfigurationKeys.HADOOP_SECURITY_GROUPS_NEGATIVE_CACHE_SECS,
+          CommonConfigurationKeys.HADOOP_SECURITY_GROUPS_NEGATIVE_CACHE_SECS_DEFAULT) * 1000;
     warningDeltaMs =
       conf.getLong(CommonConfigurationKeys.HADOOP_SECURITY_GROUPS_CACHE_WARN_AFTER_MS,
         CommonConfigurationKeys.HADOOP_SECURITY_GROUPS_CACHE_WARN_AFTER_MS_DEFAULT);
     parseStaticMapping(conf);
 
+    this.timer = timer;
+
     if(LOG.isDebugEnabled())
       LOG.debug("Group mapping impl=" + impl.getClass().getName() + 
           "; cacheTimeout=" + cacheTimeout + "; warningDeltaMs=" +
@@ -111,7 +122,29 @@ private void parseStaticMapping(Configuration conf) {
       staticUserToGroupsMap.put(user, groups);
     }
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Determine whether the CachedGroups is expired.
+   * @param groups cached groups for one user.
+   * @return true if groups is expired from useToGroupsMap.
+   */
+  private boolean hasExpired(CachedGroups groups, long startMs) {
+    if (groups == null) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    long timeout = cacheTimeout;
+    if (isNegativeCacheEnabled() && groups.getGroups().isEmpty()) {
+      // This CachedGroups is in the negative cache, thus it should expire
+      // sooner.
+      timeout = negativeCacheTimeout;
+    }
+    return groups.getTimestamp() + timeout <= startMs;
+  }
   
+  private boolean isNegativeCacheEnabled() {
+    return negativeCacheTimeout > 0;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Get the group memberships of a given user.
    * @param user User's name
@@ -126,18 +159,22 @@ public List<String> getGroups(String user) throws IOException {
     }
     // Return cached value if available
     CachedGroups groups = userToGroupsMap.get(user);
-    long startMs = Time.monotonicNow();
+    long startMs = timer.monotonicNow();
-    // if cache has a value and it hasn't expired
+    if (!hasExpired(groups, startMs)) {
-    if (groups != null && (groups.getTimestamp() + cacheTimeout > startMs)) {
       if(LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
         LOG.debug("Returning cached groups for '" + user + "'");
       }
+      if (groups.getGroups().isEmpty()) {
+        // Even with enabling negative cache, getGroups() has the same behavior
+        // that throws IOException if the groups for the user is empty.
+        throw new IOException("No groups found for user " + user);
+      }
       return groups.getGroups();
     }
 
     // Create and cache user's groups
     List<String> groupList = impl.getGroups(user);
-    long endMs = Time.monotonicNow();
+    long endMs = timer.monotonicNow();
     long deltaMs = endMs - startMs ;
     UserGroupInformation.metrics.addGetGroups(deltaMs);
     if (deltaMs > warningDeltaMs) {
@@ -146,6 +183,9 @@ public List<String> getGroups(String user) throws IOException {
     }
     groups = new CachedGroups(groupList, endMs);
     if (groups.getGroups().isEmpty()) {
+      if (isNegativeCacheEnabled()) {
+        userToGroupsMap.put(user, groups);
+      }
       throw new IOException("No groups found for user " + user);
     }
     userToGroupsMap.put(user, groups);

hadoop-common-project/hadoop-common/src/main/java/org/apache/hadoop/security/LdapGroupsMapping.java

@@ -201,7 +201,8 @@ public synchronized List<String> getGroups(String user) throws IOException {
     } catch (CommunicationException e) {
       LOG.warn("Connection is closed, will try to reconnect");
     } catch (NamingException e) {
-      LOG.warn("Exception trying to get groups for user " + user, e);
+      LOG.warn("Exception trying to get groups for user " + user + ": "
+          + e.getMessage());
       return emptyResults;
     }
 
@@ -215,7 +216,8 @@ public synchronized List<String> getGroups(String user) throws IOException {
       } catch (CommunicationException e) {
         LOG.warn("Connection being closed, reconnecting failed, retryCount = " + retryCount);
       } catch (NamingException e) {
-        LOG.warn("Exception trying to get groups for user " + user, e);
+        LOG.warn("Exception trying to get groups for user " + user + ":"
+            + e.getMessage());
         return emptyResults;
       }
     }

hadoop-common-project/hadoop-common/src/main/java/org/apache/hadoop/security/ShellBasedUnixGroupsMapping.java

@@ -84,7 +84,8 @@ private static List<String> getUnixGroups(final String user) throws IOException
       result = Shell.execCommand(Shell.getGroupsForUserCommand(user));
     } catch (ExitCodeException e) {
       // if we didn't get the group - just return empty list;
-      LOG.warn("got exception trying to get groups for user " + user, e);
+      LOG.warn("got exception trying to get groups for user " + user + ": "
+          + e.getMessage());
       return new LinkedList<String>();
     }
     

hadoop-common-project/hadoop-common/src/main/java/org/apache/hadoop/util/Timer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hadoop.util;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceAudience;
+import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceStability;
+
+/**
+ * Utility methods for getting the time and computing intervals.
+ *
+ * It has the same behavior as {{@link Time}}, with the exception that its
+ * functions can be overridden for dependency injection purposes.
+ */
+@InterfaceAudience.Private
+@InterfaceStability.Unstable
+public class Timer {
+  /**
+   * Current system time.  Do not use this to calculate a duration or interval
+   * to sleep, because it will be broken by settimeofday.  Instead, use
+   * monotonicNow.
+   * @return current time in msec.
+   */
+  public long now() {
+    return Time.now();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Current time from some arbitrary time base in the past, counting in
+   * milliseconds, and not affected by settimeofday or similar system clock
+   * changes.  This is appropriate to use when computing how much longer to
+   * wait for an interval to expire.
+   * @return a monotonic clock that counts in milliseconds.
+   */
+  public long monotonicNow() { return Time.monotonicNow(); }
+}

hadoop-common-project/hadoop-common/src/main/resources/core-default.xml

@@ -197,6 +197,20 @@ for ldap providers in the same way as above does.
   </description>
 </property>
 
+<property>
+  <name>hadoop.security.groups.negative-cache.secs</name>
+  <value>30</value>
+  <description>
+    Expiration time for entries in the the negative user-to-group mapping
+    caching, in seconds. This is useful when invalid users are retrying
+    frequently. It is suggested to set a small value for this expiration, since
+    a transient error in group lookup could temporarily lock out a legitimate
+    user.
+
+    Set this to zero or negative value to disable negative user-to-group caching.
+  </description>
+</property>
+
 <property>
   <name>hadoop.security.groups.cache.warn.after.ms</name>
   <value>5000</value>

hadoop-common-project/hadoop-common/src/test/java/org/apache/hadoop/security/TestGroupsCaching.java

@@ -26,8 +26,11 @@
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Set;
 
+import org.apache.hadoop.test.GenericTestUtils;
+import org.apache.hadoop.util.FakeTimer;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
@@ -94,6 +97,9 @@ public static void addToBlackList(String user) throws IOException {
 
   @Test
   public void testGroupsCaching() throws Exception {
+    // Disable negative cache.
+    conf.setLong(
+        CommonConfigurationKeys.HADOOP_SECURITY_GROUPS_NEGATIVE_CACHE_SECS, 0);
     Groups groups = new Groups(conf);
     groups.cacheGroupsAdd(Arrays.asList(myGroups));
     groups.refresh();
@@ -163,4 +169,54 @@ public void testGroupLookupForStaticUsers() throws Exception {
         FakeunPrivilegedGroupMapping.invoked);
 
   }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeGroupCaching() throws Exception {
+    final String user = "negcache";
+    final String failMessage = "Did not throw IOException: ";
+    conf.setLong(
+        CommonConfigurationKeys.HADOOP_SECURITY_GROUPS_NEGATIVE_CACHE_SECS, 2);
+    FakeTimer timer = new FakeTimer();
+    Groups groups = new Groups(conf, timer);
+    groups.cacheGroupsAdd(Arrays.asList(myGroups));
+    groups.refresh();
+    FakeGroupMapping.addToBlackList(user);
+
+    // In the first attempt, the user will be put in the negative cache.
+    try {
+      groups.getGroups(user);
+      fail(failMessage + "Failed to obtain groups from FakeGroupMapping.");
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // Expects to raise exception for the first time. But the user will be
+      // put into the negative cache
+      GenericTestUtils.assertExceptionContains("No groups found for user", e);
+    }
+
+    // The second time, the user is in the negative cache.
+    try {
+      groups.getGroups(user);
+      fail(failMessage + "The user is in the negative cache.");
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      GenericTestUtils.assertExceptionContains("No groups found for user", e);
+    }
+
+    // Brings back the backend user-group mapping service.
+    FakeGroupMapping.clearBlackList();
+
+    // It should still get groups from the negative cache.
+    try {
+      groups.getGroups(user);
+      fail(failMessage + "The user is still in the negative cache, even " +
+          "FakeGroupMapping has resumed.");
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      GenericTestUtils.assertExceptionContains("No groups found for user", e);
+    }
+
+    // Let the elements in the negative cache expire.
+    timer.advance(4 * 1000);
+
+    // The groups for the user is expired in the negative cache, a new copy of
+    // groups for the user is fetched.
+    assertEquals(Arrays.asList(myGroups), groups.getGroups(user));
+  }
 }

hadoop-common-project/hadoop-common/src/test/java/org/apache/hadoop/util/FakeTimer.java

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hadoop.util;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceAudience;
+import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceStability;
+
+/**
+ * FakeTimer can be used for test purposes to control the return values
+ * from {{@link Timer}}.
+ */
+@InterfaceAudience.Private
+@InterfaceStability.Unstable
+public class FakeTimer extends Timer {
+  private long nowMillis;
+
+  /** Constructs a FakeTimer with a non-zero value */
+  public FakeTimer() {
+    nowMillis = 1000;  // Initialize with a non-trivial value.
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public long now() {
+    return nowMillis;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public long monotonicNow() {
+    return nowMillis;
+  }
+
+  /** Increases the time by milliseconds */
+  public void advance(long advMillis) {
+    nowMillis += advMillis;
+  }
+}